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When the factors affecting health expenditures are examined in the literature, it is seen that one of the most important factors is income. In this context, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between out-of-pocket health expenditures and disposable personal income and revealing the income elasticity of health expenditures.

Therefore, short/long-term coefficients were obtained by analyzing Westerlund (2007) co-integration analysis and pooled mean group (PMG) regression methods for 22 European Union (EU) member states during the period 2003–2017. In addition, a comparison of the long-term coefficients for each country was obtained with augmented mean group (AMG) estimator.

The results of the AMG and PMG tests show that the long-term coefficients between disposable personal income and health expenditures are 0.83 and 0.97, respectively. These results imply that there is a significant relationship between the variables, and that health care should be categorized in the group of normal goods. However, the fact that the long-term coefficient is very close to 1, despite being classified in the category of necessity goods, requires more care to be taken in evaluating whether health services are luxury goods or necessity goods.

The use of second generation econometric tests on both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity demonstrates the value of the study. On the other hand, obtaining similar results by investigating the relationship between variables using different appropriate econometric models reveals the importance of the methodology used in this study. It reveals important details in terms of the literature regarding the long-term and short-term results obtained in this study.

The purpose of this study is to examine hotel guests’ attitudes toward guest room technologies (GRTs) and determine whether hotel guests’ characteristics and attitudes regarding GRTs vary according to hotel guest typologies.

The data were gathered from a sample of 508 hotel guests who had stayed in a hotel in the past 12 months via a self-administered survey on Qualtrics survey software. The analysis of the study consisted of two main research steps: identification of cluster groups via the K-means cluster analysis algorithm and discriminant analysis; and performing a series of chi-square analyses to determine whether hotel guests’ characteristics and attitudes vary according to obtained hotel guest typologies.

Results indicated significant attitudinal (e.g. internet payment preference) and demographic (e.g. age) differences among the obtained hotel guest typologies regarding their attitudes toward GRTs.

The results provide valuable guidance and a pragmatic approach for those hotel managers that aim to generate tailored marketing strategies for guest segments that are interested in GRTs.

This study concentrates on GRTs with a market segmentation approach by using advanced statistical procedures. It contributes to the body of related research literature by offering empirical evidence where the study evaluates the impact of the availability of new GRTs on guest decision-making based on the principles of the theory of planned behavior. Practitioners will be able to use the presented findings to generate marketing and pricing strategies with respect to the technological needs and wants of each typology.

本论文主要研究酒店顾客对客房科技（GRTs）的态度以及检验顾客特点和背景情况对GRTs的态度是否有不同的影响。

研究样本包括508位在过去12个月内消费过的酒店顾客, 样本通过在线自助式问卷来采集。本论文的分析步骤分为两步：（1）通过K-means聚类分析和判别分析以确立群组, 以及（2）一系列Chi-square分析以判定酒店顾客特点和态度是否根据获得的顾客背景情况而有差别。

研究结果表明在获得的酒店顾客背景情况中, 态度型因子（比如网络支付喜好）和人口统计类型因子（比如年龄）对于酒店顾客GRTs态度有显著差异。

研究结果对酒店经营者针对不同细分市场对GRTs的喜好来制定个性化营销战略有着珍贵指导和实践的启示意义。

本论文主要通过一系列高级统计操作来研究GRTs以及市场细分方法。研究结果对相关文献有着显著价值, 对以计划行为理论 （Theory of Planned Behavior）为基础, 检验新型GRTs对顾客决策行为的影响提供了实践研究。行业实践者能够借鉴研究结论来制定与科技需求和细分市场需求相关的营销和定价战略。

酒店技术；客房技术；房间内部技术；市场划分；付款意愿；决策

纸张类型–研究论文

The EU harmonisation has created changes in the military's formal and informal influence in the directions of decreased formal and informal military influence in civilian politics. The EU reforms have created changes in the mindset of the citizens, by creating changes in the security culture of the citizens and in the civil-military related political culture. The desired level of alignment has not been reached. Therefore, the study examines the areas where further alignment is required. Moving from Rebecca L. Schiff's concordance theory, the article examines the relationship between the Turkish military, the civilian politics and the society before and after the EU harmonisation process. It examines the effects of the EU harmonisation process on the changes in the civil-military balance of power, and on the related security culture and political values. The analysis focuses on: (i) increased civilian control and consequent changes in the policy of accountability; (ii) transparency building in the defence sector; (iii) parliamentary oversight; and (iv) the change in the political culture related to the civil-military issues. It also investigates the extent the EU harmonisation has achieved in building democratic civil-military relations in order to align with the EU standards.

This paper aims to propose a practical method of performing maintainability analysis of an offshore system at operation phase having some improvement trend.

The analysis follows a systematically developed method of analyzing maintenance data, identifying critical factors affecting system performance, and developing suitable downtime distribution model with some applications of statistical analysis techniques and expert opinion.

Improvement in spare part logistics is found significant in reducing downtime thus should be well feedback to design and plant engineers so that it can be incorporated in new offshore system. The downtime models developed based on the steady state analysis and expert input are found to be practical for prediction of the system maintainability performance.

The analysis focuses on the downtime which includes the repair, logistics and administrative delay time. At the operation phase, plant personnel are mostly interested in the availability and downtime performance of the system thus this study provides an excellent example of how the analysis can be done practically and effectively.

Maintainability analysis at operation phase is crucial to assess and predict the maintenance system performance and provide valuable feedback to the design phase and existing plant for further improvement. The methodology developed here is practical hence can assist plant personnel to perform maintainability analysis effectively.

This paper present a generic method of analyzing maintainability at the operation phase. The proposed distribution method via steady state and expert input approaches provides a practical method for formulating downtime distribution model when improvement trend exists.

The learning outcomes are as follows. First, female managers can face gender inequity in different forms, such as the glass ceiling and glass cliff, while they run for leadership positions, especially in male-dominated business contexts. Second, managers can show high performance and be effective leaders as long as they are aware of that all managers are evaluated according to a wide variety of criteria, and play many different managerial roles, such as interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Finally, managers should pay attention to all stakeholders’ demands in decision-making process for sustainability and performing better in the long run.

Since football began gaining popularity in Turkey at the dawn of the 20th century, the sport remains the most popular national sport today. However, recently, a new name has shaken the world of Turkish football: Berna Gozbasi, the first female football manager in Turkish history. In the middle of 2019–2020 football season, Gozbasi became the first female club president after she assumed leadership of Kayserispor. Kayserispor was officially founded as a Turkish professional football club in 1966, and, as its name suggests, was based in Kayseri, a sizeable industrialised city located in Central Anatolia. The team competes in the “Turkish Super League”, Turkey’s top football competition. In this case, to discuss gender inequity, leadership, and management in the sport context, the authors explained the dilemma Gozbasi faced while she decided whether or not to accept this challenging role. Then, the authors examined the experiences she gained as a leader and the dilemma she faced to diminish the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the organisation she led.

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CSS 6: Human Resource Management.